2.
   2024
/   
  
[    (      )|
 : 3     :100
:     -    ,          
               
 -
1.                      
 
2.               
 -
3.       ,          
4.                   
 
2.
 -
5.                   
           
6. 
         '   ?
-
7.                
8.         -       

2.
   2024
/   
  
[    (      )|
 : 3     :100
:     -    ,          
               
 -
1.                      
 
:󷊆󷊇    
        
     
          , ,  
            
  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  =   
           
    :
 
     
    
   (, , )
     
2.
     ,    '       ,
  -  - 
  ,  ,        :
"             
 "
 ,    :
   (    )
   (   )
      : 
1947    ,       :
  

   
 
   
             
 -   
     ,         
  
    ,    -  - 
         
󷇮󷇭        
               ,  
   
         
     
1.   
2.
           
   :
  (, , )
 
  
    
   
  :
 ( )
  
  
 
 ,        
2.    
    
 -         
         :

 


   
 
:
   ()
  
-  
   
 ,            
2.
3.   
      ,         
   :
 
  

  
 
 
:
    
   ( )
   
 ,        
4.   
    ,        :
  -  
 
 
  
 
:
  
  
    ()
5.        
      '     
2.
   :
   
 

-
  
  :
     
  
       
  -       
    
󽇐              |
              
       -   
1.  -  
     '   
      '   ,  :
 
 
  
   
 ,       ,    
2.  -
      
     :
2.
 
 
 
 
 :
 
  
  
    ,  
3. - 
  ,      
  ,      
  ' :

  
  
  
:
  
-  
  
 ,    
4.     - 
   
  :



2.

             
   -   
5. -   
       
 :
 ,      
 , ,      
          ,     


:
      :
 
 
 


6.   
      
     ,   73  74    
   :
 ()
 ()
       
     
           
2.
7.      
     '  
 
      :
 
  
 
 
     :


   
 
:
 
  
- 
8.  -
     -       
     '   :

 
 
   
 :
/ 
 
 
  
󽆪󽆫󽆬            |
2.
     
:
    
  
     
    
       
    :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  '   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   
         
󷄧󼿒
         
  -  - 
  -  -       ,   
             
 ,           ,  , 
  ,          -  , 
,   , ,     -    
 
 
2.              
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌  
              
     
 
    ,     
 
     
 ,    ,  
,           
 ,  -           "
" 
2.
󷊨󷊩      
1.      
   
  
 ,       

   
         

       -      
   
2.       
     (   , ,  )   
  
    
        
3.  
             
              
4.      
 ,        
  
       
5.   
           
  -      ,    
   
󷙣󷙤󷙥             |
1.  
           
(      )  ,       
   
             
     ' 
2.    
2.
           
    ,        
3.    
          
          
    
4.     
    ,     
,            
: COVID-19 ,          
      
5.     
     
      
 
   
      (  ,  
)    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 :     
  ,          

 ,         ,    
         
  ,  (1991  )       ,  
   ,         
 
,     ,      
     
󽆪󽆫󽆬   
 :        
  :          
 
  :          
  
    ,          
 
      
2.
󷊨󷊩
     
       ,
     ,        
 ,          
  
 -
3.       ,          
:1.       
     "  "         
      ,        

NDC   :
    - 
   
    
      (   )
   
    ,            ' 

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔               
 '      
      :
       
       
     
 ,     
  -        
2.       
2.
            
   :
(1)      
           
     NDC 
 :
    
     
     
(2)         
             :
       '  
 
       
         
(3)       
   ,   NDC       :
   
     
    
(4)       
     :




 
           '     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :              

   '  
2.
3.       
     "     "       

(1)         
            ,  
 '       
          
(2)      
   :
     
      
    
  ,       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔          
(3)      
                
:
   
     
 '  
    
(4)      
    
,  NDC   :
2.
 
  
  
       
(5)    
        ,      
   :
   
  
 
      
      
    
:
      
      
    
 -  
    
   "     "   
 
2014  ,         ,     

,       :
    
      
            
2.

               
,               
     ,        
            ,   
, -            
4.                   
 
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌  
2014          ,     
 -   
    ',   -       
 2018       
             ,
-            
󷊨󷊩     
1.     
   2047        ,  
,            
 , , ,         
 
2.    
      ,        -
     
    -    
3.  
          
 
      -      
  
2.
4.         
             
  
  
           
5.    
           '
   
 '  ,         
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼      
1.     
         '   
            
2.   
           
 
     ,    

3.     
   
         
 
 ,           
    
4.     
       ,  ,   
   '    
              
5.    
 , -,  -    
           
󷙣󷙤󷙥      
2.
1.   :,        
     
2.    :  
    ,   
 
3.  :  ,        
          
 
4.    :        ,
       
5.   :     ,   
  
      
        
󽆪󽆫󽆬
                 , 
,               
,    
  ,      ""     -   
  ,   
     ,     , 
      (   )       
 ,              
  
 -
5.                   
           
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
     ()        
               ,
  ,      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     :
    (LIC)
   (FCI)
     (ONGC)
    ()
2.
            
󷩡󷩟󷩠        
  ,           
     :
1.      
              
2.    
    '      
3.     
          ,     
,    '     
4.   
         
5.   
      
   
󷷷󷷸     
           
     :
󷄧󷄫   (    )
   ,        
 
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:              
 ,           
󷄧󷄬 
              
    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:             
2.
󷄧󷄭       
     '        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:              ,
   
󷄧󷄮 
               
        
      '        
󷄰󷄯     
          '   ,
          
        
󷷹󷷺     
   ,         
󷄧󷄫   
       ,      
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:         
     
  
 
󷄧󷄬      
2.

       ,     
   
     
      '   
󷄧󷄭   
  ,        -  ,  , 
 
   
 
󷄧󷄮  
         
,         
  

 " "        
󷄰󷄯  '  
     ,        

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:          -  
  
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃  
  , ,        
     -           
       :
      
   
     
2.
      ,     
󷄧󼿒
               
             
               
 ,  ,           
,    ,        
   
6. 
         '   ?
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌       
1.      :      ,    
    
2.     :          ,
     ,      '    
3.     :       ,    
   
4. :    ,    
   
5.   :         
6.  :      ,       
󷊨󷊩      
1.    
              
  
: LIC       ,        
     

2.   
    ,        
2.
:          '  
   
3.  
    ,        

4.      
                
   
:      (ONGC)        
   
5.   
              
       
6.    

     ,          ' 
  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼      
1.    
   ,        
:          
      
2.   
              

3.  
    ,           
:             
    
4.   '  
2.
        '   , 
   '   
5.   
             
  
6.  
  -   ,      
          
󷙣󷙤󷙥      
   (LIC):       
 ,    
      
     (FCI):        

 
     (ONGC):         

 
  (   ):     
         
󽆪󽆫󽆬
              
              
 ,       '      ,
 ,    '    
 
  
-
7.                
:       
""        
  -    
2.
             , 
       
        
    
1. 
   '   ,        

   
  '  ,  ,        
 
 -       
       

2.   
  -      :
   
 , ,      
  
-   
     
           
      
3.    
       
    
   -     
      
           
 
2.
4.       
    , CSWB     
  
    :
 

 
      -      
     :
             -      
     
       '   
       
    CSWB          ' - 

     -   ,   , , 
     
1. -      
CSWB      -       
:
     -     
    
      
      
    
 -         
  
2.       
2.
    CSWB      
        :
    
   
     
-      
     
   -    '      
3.     
      
CSWB   :
 ( )
 
   
  
   
             
 
4.        
           
   :
  
  
   
   
  
         
2.
5.       
          CSWB    
:
    
  
   
  
           
6.       
CSWB    -     
 :
  
     
  
  
           ,    

7.       
              :
  
  
  

 
            
       
2.
CSWB    
 :
 -    
   '     
    
     
    
  -     
  ,     
        

1953      ,         

      ,      ,  
  
    
- -   ,
     ,   ,      -
     ' 
 
8.         -       

:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌  
-  ( - /- ) -    
  ,           
    '   ,         
,     ,        
   ,          
, -           
󷊨󷊩-       
1.   ' 
-   -     -  
      
:       -     
          
2.
2.   
       , -    
   
: -    -    

    
3.     
  ,          
  
:             -
    
4.      
         ,    , 
 ,    
:         - 
  
5.    
-      ,   
  
          
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼      
1.      ' 
  -       '   
 
           
2.   
   -      ,    
    
       '    
3.  
    , -       

 
2.
           
4.    
       '     ,   
   
5.      
-          
     
         
󷙣󷙤󷙥     
     -   ,    
 '   :
  :        
  :         
  :        
   :    '  
 , -      
,       
   ,      '  
 ,  
            
󽆪󽆫󽆬
  -            
             
,     '      , ,   
      
"                 
 
          ,         
 "